There are almost 100k public schools in the USA.
Let's assume a police officer in each school costs $50k/year. (And that probably doesn't include pension costs). That's $5 billion dollars per year.
There are around 10m guns sold in the USA per year. So to fund this we'd have to add a $500/gun tax.
I couldn't find stats on ammunition sales, but it might make even more sense to tax bullets. Maybe based on their lethality. BB guns are free. Cop Killer bullets are $2000.
[left this originally as a comment Dan Gillmor's post, but I think it deserves broader sharing since I think it puts this whole thing into perspective...]
You also mentioned carrying insurance as a requirement :-)
Garry Boyer, Dec 21 2012 on 1500wordmtu.com